1 Helander, Björn; Holmstrand, Olov; Lindström, Marianne; and Åhäll, Karl-Inge. May 1987. "Kärnkraftavfall, Avfallskedjan Redovisar Kritisk Faktabakgrund - Slutsatser" ("Nuclear Waste, The Waste Network Presents Critical Facts And Conclusions") (In Swedish.) 40 pp. Available for ten crowns (US$1.55) plus postage from: Olov Holmstrand, Televisionsgatan 15, S-421 35 Västra Frölunda, Sweden. Tel. 031-47 59 65.
2 Nuclear waste is classified into low-, medium- (or intermediate), and high-level according to its concentration of radioactivity, not by its potential to harm human and other life forms. The much more dangerous high-level waste cannot be treated, stored, or transported in the same way as low- and medium-level waste. Only spent reactor fuel and reprocessing wastes are called "high-level". However, plutonium is plutonium, no matter what type of waste it is present in.
3 SwedPower. Undated (about 1986). "Nuclear Power In Sweden". 170 pp. See p. 117. SwedPower, P.O. Box 34, S-101 20 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel. 08-24 81 00. SwedPower represents Vattenfall, Sydkraft, and OKG.
4 Committee On Energy And Natural Resources, United States Senate. January 1987. "Briefing On The Swedish Program On Nuclear Waste Management". 100th Congress, 1st Session, Committee Print, S.Prt. 100-16. 79 pp. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D, U.S.A. 20402.
5 For information regarding Sweden's policy on food irradiation contact: Aino Blomqvist, Allév. 10, S-830 43 Ås, Sweden. Tel. 063-303 71.
6 According to 1984 statistics, Sweden imported 52.5% of its uranium from Canada, 22.3% form Niger and Gabon, 20.5% from Australia, and 4.7% from the U.S.A. The problems of uranium mining in Canada are documented in: Goldstick, Miles. 1987. "Voices From Wollaston Lake, Resistance Against Uranium Mining And Genocide In Northern Saskatchewan". WISE Amsterdam, Box 5627, 1007 AP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel. 020-853 857. ISBN: 90-70702-07-X (softcover). 316 pp.
7 A history of the resistance against test drilling for a high-level nuclear waste storage site up to the "Klipperås incident" of 1983-84 is given in the splendid, Swedish language book by Jan-Åke Noresson, "Kynnet som försätter berg" ("The Mountain-moving Temperament", an untranslatable pun on the name "Kynnefjäll, one of the places singled out for test drilling). Noresson's book is a description of those who haven't given up, and is primarily about the people in The Waste Network.
8 Uranium-238 is also used in modern nuclear bombs. For details on how a nuclear bomb functions see: Morland, Howard. 1981. "The Secret That Exploded". Random House, N.Y., N.Y., U.S.A. 289 pages. Pages 277-279. ISBN: 0-394-51297-9.
9 See WISE NC 284.2884 for information on the Swedish ASEA-ATOM merging with the Swiss Brown Bouveri into the huge multi-national electric company Asea Brown Bouveri.
10 AKA Commission. 1974. "Highly Radioactive Nuclear Waste". Departementsstencil 1974:6 (In Swedish), Department of Industry, S-103 33 Stockholm. All government reports can be ordered from Fritzes Bokhandel, Box 16327, S-103 27 Stockholm. Tel. 08-23 89 00.
11 The source for most of the information on "The Swedish Bomb" is from: Larsson, Christer. April-May 1985. "The History of a Swedish Atomic Bomb" (In Swedish.) In: Ny Teknik (New Technology). No. 17-20 (April 25, May 2, 9, 16, 1985). Ny Teknik, Box 27315, S-102 54 Stockholm. Tel. 08-66 51 700. English language articles that resulted from the Ny Teknik reports include: Nucleonics Week. May 2, 1985. "NRC Seeking More Information About 1972 Swedish Plutonium Tests". Vol. 26, No. 19, pp. 1-2.; Johansson, Thomas. March 1986. "Sweden's Abortive Nuclear Weapons Project". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 31-34.; The Washington Post. April 27, 1985, "Sweden Admits Nuclear Test, Says It Will Not Build Bomb", and May 5, 1985, "Neutralist Image Shaken, Sweden Defends A-Research".
12 Construction of a nuclear power station at Marviken was nearly finished in 1970, but the plant was converted to an oil fueled power station, earning the humorous description of the only oil-fired nuclear power station in the world.
13 See note 8.
14 Ministry of Defense (Försvarsdepartementet), Olof Forssberg. April 21, 1987. "Swedish Nuclear Weapons Research 1945-1972" ("Svensk Kärnvapenforskning 1945-1972") (In Swedish). 86 pp.
15 "Spent Nuclear Fuel And Radioactive Waste". SOU (Official Swedish Investigation) 1976:30. For ordering address see note 10.
16 The 1976 AKA report did not specify what material the canisters should be made of or at what depth they should be stored. The KBS-1 proposal recommended canisters be made of a lead and titanium shells to hold reprocessed waste. In KBS-2, copper canisters were recommended for direct disposal of non-reprocessed waste.
17 The Swedish Parliament includes the following parties: Conservative, Liberal, Center, Social Democratic, and Communist. The Christian Democrats and the Greens were not represented in the 1987 Parliament. There is a proportional representation electoral system. The Parliament has 349 members who serve three year terms.
18 For information on the Bofors scandal contact the Swedish Peace and Arbitration Organization ("Svenska Freds och Skiljedoms Förening"), Brännkyrkag. 76, S-117 23 Stockholm. Tel. 08-68 02 00.
19 Committee On Energy And Natural Resources, United States Senate. January 1987. See note 4, p. 18.
20 SwedPower. Undated (about 1986). See note 3, p. 31.
21 Committee On Energy And Natural Resources United States Senate. January 1987. See note 4, p. 18.
22 This does not include the research reactor at Studsvik.
23 Committee On Energy And Natural Resources United States Senate. January 1987. See note 4, p. 33.
24 The Government decision is called "Ministry of Industry 2625/79". For ordering address see note 10.
25 For example, see SKB's "FoU (Research and Development) 1986 Program" (available in English). For ordering address see note 10.
26 TT (The Swedish News Service) archive number 870521-0702.
27 SKBF and Cogema. Undated - stamped "secret" by the Swedish Ministry of Industry (Svensk Industridept.) Jan. 17, 1977. "Contract Between Cogema and SKBF, Transport, Storage and Reprocessing of Irradiated Fuel Assemblies Discharged in 1979 from Ringhals 3 Power Station". About 100 pp. Available from OOA Library, Ryesgade 19, DK 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. Tel. 45-1-35 55 07/ 35 48 07.
28 Nucleonics Week, February 14, 1985.
29 See WISE NC 224.1717 and 277.2371.
30 See WISE NC 287 p. 5, 279.2411, and 278.2386. For more information contact: Hans-Peter Janssen, Steinvader Hauptstrasse 15, D-2400 Lübeck 1, West Germany. Tel. 0451-49 74 05.
31 Millqvist, R. and Walin, G. 1986. "Kärnkraftens ekonomi". ("The Economics of Nuclear Power") (In Swedish). Greenpeace Gothenburg, Box 7183, S-402 34 Gothenburg. Tel. 031-17 65 00.
32 Committee On Energy And Natural Resources United States Senate. January 1987. See note 4, p. 36.
33 Sweden is divided into 284 municipalities (1985).
34 Personal motto of the Swedish King Charles XV-reigned 1859-72. The King had adopted his motto out of the medieval Upland Law, where it is phrased slightly differently.
35 The Court of Appeal first the set fines at 30,000 crowns (US$4,600), or 60 "days wages" then the Supreme Court lowered the fines to 40, which is still considered high. Two people who immediately pleaded guilty were fined 30 "days wages" each.
36 Expressen. October 29, 1984, p. 9.
37 See WISE NC 275.2340 and 278.2380.
38 Forsmark staff reported that 25,900 people visited their information center during 1987; the highest number since the reactor site opened in 1980.
39 The trial took place on November 24, 1987. Sentences for seven of those arrested were announced the eighth of December. Two of the activists were not charged as they were 15 years old, and three had sentencing delayed until June 1988 as they were out of the county. In Sweden, fines are levied in a number of "day's wages" according to one's income. All seven received 25 "day's wages"; that meant 500 crowns (US$90) for four of the people, and 250 crowns (US$45) for the three others. In addition, 1,500 crowns (US$270) in damage must be paid collectively. This is half the amount requested by SKB to clean the spray painted anti-nuclear symbols off an underground tunnel wall.
The SFR-1 Action Group appealed their charges. Nine activists arrested in November 1986 for occupying the turbine hall at the Ringhals nuclear power station appealed their fines and had them reduced by half (from 30 to 15 "day's wages") on December 7, 1987.
40 The legal decision making process is discussed in detail in: Westerlund, Staffan. 1987. "White Papers On The Decision To Allow The Repository For Low- And Medium Active Waste Under The Seabed At Forsmark, Sweden". 106 pp. Available from: Staffan Westerlund, Stora Åmyra, S-740 50 Björklinge. Tel. 018-37 60 47.
41 Law of Housing, paragraph 136a.
42 SKN. May 1987. "Granskning av FoU program 86" ("Examination of Research and Development Program 86") (In Swedish). 132 pp. For ordering address see note 10.
43 Arbetaren (The Worker) is the magazine of the Syndicalist union in Sweden.